Questions about the Effects of Radiation
Effects of Radiation — Multiple Choice Questions
1. What is one possible biological effect of high-dose ionizing radiation on human tissue?
A) Improved metabolism
B) Hair loss
C) Enhanced immune system
D) Increased energy
E) Skin rejuvenation
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2. Which type of cells are most sensitive to radiation?
A) Nerve cells
B) Muscle cells
C) Skin cells
D) Bone marrow cells
E) Fat cells
3. A low dose of ionizing radiation over a long time may increase the risk of:
A) Influenza
B) Cancer
C) Asthma
D) Heartburn
E) Diabetes
4. Which organ is especially vulnerable to radiation because of its high cell turnover rate?
A) Lungs
B) Brain
C) Intestines
D) Pancreas
E) Kidneys
5. What is radiation sickness typically caused by?
A) One small X-ray
B) High exposure to non-ionizing radiation
C) Sudden exposure to a large dose of ionizing radiation
D) Standing in the sun too long
E) Drinking contaminated water
6. What is the most likely effect of a high dose of radiation over a short time (acute exposure)?
A) Genetic mutations only
B) Psychological symptoms
C) Immediate cell death and tissue damage
D) No effect
E) Increased appetite
7. Which of the following is a deterministic effect of radiation?
A) Cancer
B) Genetic mutation
C) Hair loss
D) Hereditary disorder
E) Increased lifespan
8. What kind of effect appears regardless of dose threshold?
A) Deterministic
B) Somatic
C) Stochastic
D) Temporary
E) Local
9. The probability of developing cancer due to radiation depends primarily on:
A) Blood type
B) Age only
C) Dose and duration of exposure
D) Vitamin intake
E) Eye color
10. Which group is generally more vulnerable to radiation exposure?
A) Adults
B) Teenagers
C) Elderly
D) Children and fetuses
E) Athletes
11. Radiation-induced mutations can be passed to:
A) Only male offspring
B) Future generations
C) Unrelated individuals
D) The nervous system
E) None; radiation doesn't cause mutations
12. Which of the following is considered a long-term effect of radiation exposure?
A) Nausea
B) Vomiting
C) Fever
D) Leukemia
E) Headache
13. What is the threshold dose (approximate) for observable radiation sickness symptoms in humans?
A) 0.1 mSv
B) 100 mSv
C) 1 Sv
D) 0.01 Sv
E) 10 μSv
14. Which system of the body is often most affected first in radiation poisoning?
A) Skeletal
B) Immune
C) Digestive
D) Nervous
E) Respiratory
15. Cataracts caused by radiation are considered what type of effect?
A) Genetic
B) Stochastic
C) Delayed deterministic
D) Hereditary
E) Chronic stochastic
16. What is the primary way radiation causes damage at the molecular level?
A) Releasing vitamins
B) Exciting glucose molecules
C) Breaking chemical bonds in DNA
D) Freezing proteins
E) Thickening membranes
17. Why are radioprotective garments (like lead aprons) worn during X-rays?
A) To enhance the image quality
B) To keep patients warm
C) To reduce radiation exposure to sensitive organs
D) To avoid electric shocks
E) To balance pressure
18. Which type of radiation is least penetrating and most easily blocked?
A) Beta
B) Gamma
C) Neutron
D) Alpha
E) X-ray
19. Radiation effects that develop within minutes to days after exposure are known as:
A) Delayed effects
B) Stochastic effects
C) Genetic effects
D) Acute effects
E) Chronic effects
20. What is the purpose of monitoring radiation exposure in workers (e.g., using dosimeters)?
A) To measure temperature
B) To record time worked
C) To detect early signs of aging
D) To ensure radiation exposure stays within safe limits
E) To monitor sleep patterns
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Answer Key with Extended Explanations
1. B – High doses of radiation can cause damage such as hair loss, skin burns, and tissue death.
2. D – Bone marrow cells divide rapidly, making them highly sensitive to ionizing radiation.
3. B – Chronic low-dose radiation exposure increases the risk of cancer.
4. C – The intestines have a high rate of cell turnover, making them especially vulnerable.
5. C – Radiation sickness results from acute high-dose exposure.
6. C – Immediate effects can include burns, internal bleeding, and organ failure.
7. C – Hair loss is a deterministic effect that occurs after a threshold dose.
8. C – Stochastic effects like cancer can occur without a dose threshold; the risk increases with dose.
9. C – Both the intensity and duration of exposure affect the risk of cancer.
10. D – Young, developing organisms are more sensitive to genetic and tissue damage.
11. B – Mutations from radiation can be inherited by offspring.
12. D – Leukemia and other cancers may appear years after exposure.
13. C – Around 1 sievert is the threshold for symptoms like nausea and vomiting.
14. B – Radiation damages white blood cells, compromising the immune system.
15. C – Cataracts are a deterministic effect that appears after a delay.
16. C – Radiation can ionize molecules and damage DNA, leading to mutations or cell death.
17. C – Protective garments block radiation from reaching vital organs.
18. D – Alpha particles are large and slow; they’re blocked by paper or skin.
19. D – Acute effects happen quickly after a significant radiation dose.
20. D – Dosimeters help track accumulated radiation and ensure safety limits aren't exceeded.
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